Passive Form/Voice
In
passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the
sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of
the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing
receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also
use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do
not want to mention who is doing the action.
[Thing
receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing
action]
Examples:
·
The
students (subject
recieving action) are taught (passive
verb) by the professor.(doing action)
·
The
dishes (subject
recieving action) are washed (passive
verb) by john. (doing action)
Simple Present : Once
a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Simple Past : The
car was repaired by Sam.
Simple Future (will) : The work will be finished by
5:00 PM.
Simple Future (be going to) : A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
Present Continuous : Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Present Perfect : That castle has been visited by
many tourists.
Present Perfect Continuous : Recently, the work has been being done by John.
Past Perfect : Many
cars had been repaired by George before he received his
mechanic’s license.
Past Perfect Continuous : The
restaurant’s fantastic dinners had been being prepared by
Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
Causative
Verbs/Have
The English verbs let, make, have, get, and help are
called causative verbs because they cause something else
to happen.
Here are some specific examples of how causative verbs work in English sentences.
LET , permit something to happen
Grammatical
structure:
·
LET
+ PERSON/THING + VERB (base form)
Examples:
·
I
don’t let my kids watch violent
movies.
·
Mary’s
father won’t let her adopt a puppy because he’s allergic to dogs.
·
Our
boss doesn’t let us eat lunch at our desks; we have to eat in the
cafeteria.
·
Oops!
I wasn’t paying attention while cooking, and I let the
food
·
Don’t let the advertising expenses surpass $1000.
Remember: The past tense of let is
also let; there is no change!
Note: The
verbs allow and permit are more
formal ways to say “let.” However, with allow and permit, we use to + verb:
·
I
don’t allow my kids to watch violent
movies.
·
Our
boss doesn’t permit us to eat lunch at our desks.
MAKE , force or require someone to take an
action
Grammatical
structure:
·
MAKE
+ PERSON + VERB (base form)
Examples:
·
After
Billy broke the neighbor’s window, his parents made him pay for it.
·
My
ex-boyfriend loved sci-fi and made me watch every episode of his favorite show.
·
The
teacher made all the students rewrite their papers, because the first drafts
were not acceptable.
Note: When
using the verbs force and require, we must use to + verb.
·
The school requires the students to wear
“Require” often implies that there is a rule.
“Require” often implies that there is a rule.
·
The
hijacker forced the pilots to
take the plane in a different direction.
“Force” often implies violence, threats, or extremely strong pressure
“Force” often implies violence, threats, or extremely strong pressure
HAVE, give someone else the responsibility
to do something
Grammatical
structure:
·
HAVE
+ PERSON + VERB (base form)
·
HAVE
+ THING + PAST PARTICIPLE OF VERB
Examples
of grammatical structure #1:
·
I’ll have my assistant call you
to reschedule the appointment.
·
The
businessman had his secretary make copies of the report.
Examples
of grammatical structure #2:
·
I’m
going to have my hair cut
·
We’re having our house painted this
weekend.
·
Bob had his teeth whitened; his
smile looks great!
·
My
washing machine is broken; I need to have it
Note: In informal speech, we often use get in these cases:
·
I’m
going to get my hair cut
·
We’re getting our house painted this
weekend.
·
Bob got his teeth whitened; his
smile looks great!
·
My
washing machine is broken; I need to get it
GET, convince/encourage someone to do
something
Grammatical
structure:
·
GET
+ PERSON + TO + VERB
Examples:
·
How
can we get all the employees to arrive on time?
·
My
husband hates housework; I can never get him to wash the dishes!
·
I
was nervous about eating sushi, but my brother got me to try it at a Japanese restaurant.
·
The
non-profit got a professional
photographer to take photos at the event
for free.
HELP,
assist someone in doing something
Grammatical
structure:
·
HELP
+ PERSON + VERB (base form)
·
HELP
+ PERSON + TO + VERB
After “help,” you can use “to” or not – both ways are
correct. In general, the form without “to” is
more common:
·
He helped me carry the
boxes.
·
He helped me to carry the
boxes.
·
Reading
before bed helps me
·
Reading
before bed helps me to relax.
SOURCE
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